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HISTORY of GUILAN and RASHT
GUILAN
Territory of forest and rain, rice and silk worm seeds, bed
of roaring rivers and area of growth of violets, primroses, water lilies,
and the habitat of swans, ducks and thousands of magnificent plants, and
other numerous beauties, place where plains, mountains and the sea are
touching each other and the roaring sea waves are kissing the coast and its
sandy ground, day and night.
A territory full of life and joy with an enchanting nature which is at the
same time a source of dynamism and effort as well as inspiration of
tranquility, stimulation of thought and creativity.
That is why one should mix the tourism in Guilan with a comprehension of
spirit, feelings and affection of its people.
The people of Guilan always believe that they know well their territory, and
there is no doubt that they do their territory and best to know and make
known Guilan to other compatriots, and they always welcome them with open
arms.
GUILAN situation and surface area :
Guilan province
is separated from other parts of Iran by Alborz high range of mountains and
belongs to the southern geographical unit of the Caspian sea.
It is situated at the most western coastal part of this unit between East
Azerbaijan and Ardebil provinces on the West and Mazandaran province on the
East and Zanjan province on the South.
Guilan province
is situated between 36° to 38°,27' north latitude, and 48°,30' to 50°,30'
east longitude of
Greenwich
meridian, and the surface area of Guilan province is about 13709kmē .
Since a long time ago, this province has been in direct contact with Russia
and consequently with all Europe, and one of the two big roads which
connected the western world to Asia, specially
Iran, passed
through Guilan. This road passed through Russia and Bakou and reached
Bandar-e-Ānzāli
(Anzali port) .
Human particularities of Guilan :
The people of Guilan are from Cadusian or Guil tribe. In
fact, Guilan means the territorry of Guils, of which the mountainous part
was formerly called Deylam and the people were called Deylami..
Talesh tribes live in the west of Guilan. In this part, the tribal social
structure has, so far, preserved its tribal homogeneity. In the past ,
Talesh tribes formed the dominant power of the region from the political
point of view, and their life was almost based upon semi-pastoral style, and
moved between heights and valleys according to season.
But with the development of cereal cultivation in Talesh region and some
specialized cultivations such as
rice,
tea
and tobacco in
Somehsara
and
Foomanat,
their life was transformed and changed to a settled style.
In other parts of Guilan , the social structure has not such form, and the
life is mostly based upon a settled style in which the agriculture
determines the major part of the livelihood.
GUILAKI patois :
Gilaki language includes two distinct patois
in two west and east regions. Biepish is a current patois in
Rasht
,
Bandar Anzali
,
Lashtenesha,
Somehsara,
Koochesfahan,
Fooman,
Shaft
and Biepas is a current patois in
Astaneh,
Lahidjan,
Langerood,
Roodsar
and ... but for researchers , the patois spoken in
Rasht
constitutes the basis for the study and research in Guilaki language.
Evidently, also Taleshi is a current patois in Masal, Shanderman, Asalem,
Talesh, Talesh Doulab and ... , Galeshi is also another patois currently
spoken by the inhabitants of Guilan Piedmont. The people of piedmont living
in
houses with wooden roof
(
Latehsar
).
**************************************************************
Rasht
*
682:
Rasht is first mentioned in historical documents
*
1669:
Stenka Razin, a
Russian
sailor, plundered the
city
*
1722 -
1734:
occupied by
Peter the Great
*
1901:
a major epidemic plague devastates the city.
*
1917 -
1920:
The Russian and British armed forces fight in the port city of
Bandar-e Anzali and
Rasht. The British retreat and the Russians occupy the area. In
1920 Bolshevik
Russians set a great fire in the bazaar, causing many citizens to go into
temporary exile.
*
1937:
a revolt, sparked by the desire to collect a "road tax" from the Russians,
was suppressed
*
1977:
Rasht University established
Rasht, the capital city of Guilan province, is one the most important cities of this region. This city is situated in a vast plain at a distance of 30 km from the Caspian Sea in the slopes of the northern Alborz Mountain Range . The climate of Rasht is humid and unstable. Dominant wind currents from the Caspian Sea blow northeast to southwest, and annual precipitation is about 1000-1200 mm of rain.
The history of Rasht dates back to the Pre Islamic Period i.e. the Sassanid era . The independent governors of this region were called "Gilanshah " before the Arabs Invasion . In the year 682 CE , after the conquest of Iran by Arabs, the name of Rasht was mentioned in historical documents for the first time.
In the Safavid era , especially in the reign of Shah Ismail , Gilan land was composed of two sections of "Biehpas " with the centrality of Rasht, and "Biehpish " with the centrality of Lahijan. During the reign of Shah Tahmaseb I , the governance of both parts was assigned to "Khan Ahmad Gilan ". Finally, Shah Abbas I conquered Gilan.
In the year 1695 CE , Stephan Razin , a Russian sailor plundered the city. The army of Peter the Great conquered the city in 1722 CE. And they remained in the region untill 1734 CE. The Russians again conquered this city in 1917 simultaneous with the Socialistic Revolution in Russia.
In 1901 due to outbreak of epidemic plague, many people lost their lives. In 1937, an expanded revolt happened in the region to get "road tax" from Russians, but the central government suppressed the movement.
The people of Rasht played a very important role in the Constitutional Revolution . Russian and British armies as well as local rebels attacked Rasht City during the World War I (1914-1918). In 1920, Rasht became the arena of revolutionary movements again. When the Red Army conquered Baku in 1918, the navy of White Army took asylum in the Anzali Port , which was under control of British army. The commander of the Red Navy chased them and conquered the Anzali Port and as the result the British Army retreated. This event encouraged revolutionaries of Gilan to establish an anti-British government under the leadership of "Mirza Kouchek Khan-e Jangali ". British forces evacuated the city and went to Baghdad. Finally, Iranian army defeated the movement and a treaty was signed with Russia after which they evacuated the city.
Today, Rasht as the capital of province is the most important trade center between Caucasia, Russia, and Iran and holds considerable tourism facilities. This thousand-year-old village resembles an anthropological and architectural museum, which is located 60 km southwest of Rasht and 25km west of Fooman in the western most part of Gilan Province. Even though Masouleh is close to the Caspian Sea, but it is 1,050 meters above sea level. The difference between the highest and lowest points in the village itself is 100 meters.
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